Popular Mechanics- Tone

"Son of a bitch! I'm so glad you're leaving! She began to cry. You can't even look me in the face, can you?

This story is very short but from the beginning, the tone states that something bad is about to happen. Arguing  generally leads to violence, and with a baby in the room, things were not looking good. Then tone in the first part is hostal, and hateful. The separating couple acts like they don't even notice the little baby in the room, until the argument become directed toward the subject of the baby. In the heat of the situation the care of the baby was all but disregarded, by the father, and only slightly by the mother. If either one of them had been level headed and wanting the best for the child, they would have handed over the baby, rather than see it get hurt. Because of the ager felt in the beginning of the story, the baby paid the ultimate price. Because both of the parents wanted the baby so bad, with no regard to the baby's welfare, they with both not have the baby. This is a reversal of the Bible story, where solomon threatens to cut the baby in half, because the mother in that story would rather see her baby alive, no matter what. These parent were selfish and ultimately choose the to have the baby cut in half.

You're Ugly Too- Characterization

"It was not irony. What type of perfume? a student asked once. Room freshener, she said. She smiled, but looked at her, unnerved. " (353, p 5)

The fist part of the story indirectly characterizes Zoe as a professor, who finds her life unbearable, and is difficult to talk to. The only friend she has is her sister, and the rest of the time she is alone or with her student, who do not understand her irony. Not even her sister gets her humor, but overlooks these oddities because they are related. Then we fid out that she can't have kids, furthering the since that she will always be alone. The news of her sister marriage is just a slap in the face after her "check up". It seems that her sister has every thing, and Zoe is not jealous in the slightest. She is emotionless throughout the entire story. When a topic come up that she is uncomfortable with, she will awkwardly change the subject, especially at the mention of love or anything serious. Maybe she gave up on life because of those medical test. Dying would explain why she would sabotage her date and her life.

The Lottery- Misleading Title

"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny"

The title along with the start of the story make the reader feel as though this "lottery" will bring good fortune to the winner. After all, this is generally what lotteries do. In today's world, winning the lottery means riches and happiness and luck. Also, the beginning of the book is filled with light diction of beautiful days, and children gathering. This throughs the reader off suspecting the ending. However, the beginning of the story might elude to the end because it was to happy, and too light. Nothing really happens, except the gathering of stones and the bringing of a ritualistic box. These concepts combine foreshadow the end result, but it is written so as to through the reader off. Only at the end does the reader understand what the lottery is, basically a sacrifice of one of the town members, though is unclear what the purpose behind this is.

The Drunkard- Irony

"Go away ye bloody bitches!" (350, 70)

The most ironic part of this story is the role reversal of the father and the son. Instead of the father getting drunk as usual, the son not only drinks his fathers beer but acts like his father acts when he is drunk. In the beginning of the story, the reader finds out that the father embarrasses himself when he is intoxicated. This is wat the son does out side the bar infront of the entire neighborhood. People in town probably knew of the fathers problems, but his embarrassing situation most likely were contained inside the bar. With the son, the whole town saw exactly what happened. This, more than anything made the father want to change his ways. Even though he acts like he is mad at the boy, in the end he does give up drinking. This is ironic, because it took the boy to get drunk to force the father to see the danger it presented and the embarrassment it brought. 

Evaline- Theme

"But in her new home, in a distant unknown country, it would not be like that" (219, per 8)

When Evaline thought about where she would be going, it seemed far greater than where she is currently. The idea of getting out from under her abusive past seemed so tempting. However, it is much harder to accept change once confronted with it, then in theory. When the moment came to get on the boat, she thought back through all of the few good memories in her life.This is were the opening paragraph fits into the theme. In tough situations, we tend to latch on to, a obsess over the smallest memories. These memories will mostly be misrepresented, and not helpful in making the right decision. In this story, her happy memory of playing in the yard, overshadowed, the better life she could be having. The theme of this story is that when making major decisions, small things can lead us to the wrong decision, when there is far more evidence supporting a better decision.

Once Upon A Time- Tone

"In a house, in a suburb, in a city, there were a man and his wife who loved each other very much and were living happily ever after" (232, per. 9)

This story is told in the traditional style of a fairy tale, starting with the happily ever after. The family was loving, but the directness of the tone make it anything but a happy tail of a family. From the beginning of the story, it is directly stated that there was an abounding of love exerting from the family. If this was in fact a typical fairly tail, this love would build through out the fairy tale. In this story the opposite happens. Because of the direct tone, every detail is told to the reader, not introduced and then explained. By this, the reader knows that this story, unlike it's beginning, will not be a happy ending. The danger of the boy is first, foretold when the parents are more worried about shopping for their next safety improvement, they neglected the immediate safety of their son and let him walk away from them. In this neighborhood full of robbers and hooligans, why did they not watch their son more closely, instead of letting him walk away into the danger of the neighborhood. This proves that if you are too occupied with finding the perfect life, your life will slip away. Bad things will always happen, obsessing over thi\em might make them worse.

A Worn Path- Is the Grandma really dead?

"But she was slowly bending forward by that time, further and further down, the lids stretched over her eyes" (227, per. 50)

One could assume that the grand mother is dead because of the dream like diction of the story. From the time that she meets the farmer, the details becomes paced out. For example, the farmer says that she had a too far to go to town, from the place of their meeting. However, after this meeting, it seems that she is immediately there. This seems like she just appears in town, with out a further struggle. Perhaps, this is where she died and she is bound to finish her task and get medicine for her grandchild. Maybe the farmer actually did shoot her, and that is why she felt so different after her encounter. As far as proof that she was in fact alive through out that story, the only proof would be that their are people that talk to her and see her.

Miss Brill- Caracterization through the eyes of Miss Brill- Indirect

"Never mind, there was too much crowd to watch" (182, par. 5)

Miss Brill considered herself companions among the people around her, but she never actually talked to them. She only viewed these people from the the little time she saw them and generalized what they were like, with out knowing them at all. Others "stopped to talk, to greet", but Mill Brill was always alone, while in the middle of other people's lives. She viewed the old couple, stereotypically as boring and unworthier of her time, with out further knowledge into their lives. Ironically, she was older, and pretty boring herself. She had no one in her life but her fur that she often talks to. She likes the life that she has, but the way she critiques other suggests that she might just be critiquing her self. An example of this is when she calls the woman with yellow hair "shabby". She should realize that she should change the shabbiness in her own life, not writing other characters off.

Bartleby the Scrivener- Flat Character

"'I would prefere not to dine today'" (672)

Even though Bartleby is the main character, he does not change much through out the story, unlike the usual story line. The only thing that changes is that at the beginning of his appearance in the story, all he does is copy document after document and nothing else. At the end, he doesn't even do that. Even in prison, he does not venture far from his familiar phrase, "I would prefer not to". After all of this, it perplexes me why Bartleby does not want to be in prison. Obviously, not many people would like this situation. However, the narrator's office is almost like a prison anyway, so why did the change effect him so. He was basically alone in that office night and day anyway, a prison cell is not much different. Also, as opposed to the office, there are people like the chief who will help him, so really he does not need to do those tasks that he is opposed to. Still, he does not change his ways, still reserved but adamant that he doesn't want to do anything.

Hunters in the Snow- Stock Character

"'but the lying. Having a double life like a spy or a hit man. This sounds strange but I feel sorry for those guys, I really do. I know what they go through.'" (200)

Tub is just like any other fat man stereotypically displayed with the media, because he runs slow and gets left behind. He stashes food, and gets ridiculed by his only friand, which he has to hang around because nobody else likes him. This seems childish, but it is could explain why he is not liked by anyone in the group. Then he has very low self esteem which is classic, but many time the overweight character is funny. He he turns into his situation into a joke so as to avoid his feelings of being fat. Tub avoids talking about his feelings, at first, but he certainly, does not joke about it. He actually does the opposite. He hides in shame, eating obscene amounts of food while he pretends to be on a diet.

Hunters in the Snow- Sympathetic Character

"'You fat moron,' Frank said. 'You aren't good for anything'"

Of course Tub would be the most sympathetic character in this short story because he is constantly getting picked on by his best friends. Nobody really sticks up for him. Despite ridiculeing him through out the story, Frank and Kenny leave him alone in the woods because he can not keep up. In the first half of the book, it is difficult to see why the group is together at all, because none of them seem to like one another. Tub just seems to be taking the worst of it. And later knowledge of his clear self-image issues only adds to the sympathy felt toward him. His name also helps this because, along with meaning that he is over weight, usually when I hear "tub tub" it is about a little kid who has not lost his baby weight. This definitely applies to Tub, because many of those little kids are ridiculed by their friends.

Every Day Uses- "Made it"?

"those TV shows where the child who has 'made it' is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother"

When Dee is first described by her mother, she is characterized as this strong personality, who is determined to make it in the world. She seemed like the the class president who was destined to take the world in the palm of her hand. For instance, when she made her own green suite, I thought she would go into the world of business to raise through the ranks, with hard work. However, when she appears in person, she doas not come strong and self-sufficient. She is there with a man who most probably suports her. She is wearing a bright orange dress, fashioned after a culture that is not told. This is possibly the furthest from a strong business woman. She is still strong, but it's as if she did not live up to her potential, or mama exaggerated her daughters character traits, as is mother often do. Maybe Dee is strong in the face of the family that she bullied her whole life, but when she went out in the world, she found that others were meek as her family.

How I Met My Husband- Antagonist

"'Filthy'" "'Filthy little rags'" (180)

Alice Kelling could easily be labeled as the antagonist because she gets so very angry at eddie for what happend. However, she is just as much as a victim as eddie. Chris left her first. I think that she had every right to be marginally angry. She just let her emotions get the best of her in that moment. Eddie probably would have done something very similar if the situations were switched, and eddie had not been waiting so long for his letter. This time period gave her a chance to distance herself from the situation. Had she figured out that he was just using him in the same way that Alice Kelling found out, she definitely would not have been as calm. So, though Alice Kelling seems to be against Eddie but really, they are on the same side.

How I Met my Husband- Suspence

"'I'm going to write you a letter. I am going to tell you where I am and maybe you can come visit me.'" (145)

From the title, suspense is built because the reader knows the basic structure of the story from the start. The reader will now constantly be on the look out for prospective husbands. And, whenever a man comes into the story, that question immediately arrises, and adds suspense. Is this the father. Even after she meets Chris, I still looked for other matches. This was mostly based on the TV show, because Ted goes through so many potential mothers, with no luck several seasons in. But, even though this thought was running through my head as I was reading the story, I had no idea it would be the mail man, because I was to busy feeling sorry for eddie that she was never going to get he letter. So, all of this pent up suspense, just kind off abruptly stopped in just a few short sentences.

A Rose for Emily- Characterize

"Miss Emily a slender figure in white..." "...small, fat woman in black..." "...she had grown fat with her hair turning gray."

Through out this story, the reader can easily be confused about the time frame of the story, but one of the ways the writer cues the reader in, is through Miss Emily's Appearance. Obviously, she is described as young or old, skinny or plump, and light or dark. To me, the this was the best clue, light or dark. In the happier time of Emily's life she is picture as white and young. When her father was still alive, the town pictured her as the perfect daughter, a virgin that was too precious for any man in town. Then when her father died, she wore black to the funeral, and bever seemed to return to her white younger self. This is when the story startes to get eerie, when the town gossips about her killing herself, and Homer went missing. Then, finally in she starts turning gray and decrepit as the body rots, and she lives with her crime. And when in the last stages of her life, she turns fully gray. So, she was white and pure, then she got corrupted by losing her love, and she loses all feeling, good or bad, in the end.

Interpreter of Maladies- Central Conflict

"The signs he recognized from his own marriage were there- the bickering, the indifference the protracted silence."(80)

I think that the central conflict of this story is Mr. Kapasi's internal struggles with his life, and this just so happend to play out simultaneously while the Das family was visiting. So, while the Das family plays an important role in the story, it is more about Mr. Kapasi's thoughts and feelings. These feelings, are about his inadequate marriage, schooling, and job. He feels as though he has failed in all three of these areas. His marriage is loveless, he quit school, and settled for an average job. Mrs. Das made him feel special. She made him feel needed in a way that his wife or his boss never did. She believed that he had the unique ability to help her out with a problem, that she did not confide in anyone else. So, this spurred slight infatuation, in the end, Mrs. Das did not value his opinion, and his life was not changed. The Das family left, and he went home with nothing but the short memory of feeling special.

That time of the year–Metaphor

"Bare Ruin'd choirs, where late the Sweet birds Sang. In me thou ceased the twilight of such day."

The speaker of this poem is comparing autumn to death. The leaves are falling off.  The trees are dying.  And, summer is dying away. Summer represents life and autumn comes along to end it.  He is contemplating his death to be behind that of the death of autumn. He envisions his death as the twilight of autumn. So, it is not enough to compare death to the dying of the season, but he compares it to a dark autumn evening without any light. This is taking way and he said that the reader could possibly find in  death, because the light could represent hope and there is no hope in death.

Lonely Heart–Pattern

  “I guess it's me… I just don't understand you told me you love me and held my hand.”

  Pattern is used in this poem to make the thoughts of the speaker seem more romantic. The pattern and rhyme scheme make this poem feel like a love poem when really the speaker is saying that she doesn't have a heart. The speaker is nostalgic over her lost love. She's being overdramatic by saying that the void left by her former love is so great that she no longer has a heart.  But by saying that she no longer has a heart she is effectively portraying the feelings of emptiness that she feels without him. And, she's hoping that he will come back to her and bring with him her heart. But, the tone of this poem says that she might be being too overdramatic. The seriousness of the tone doesn't really meet with diction. For instance, he only “held her hands”. This Makes it seem as though  this was simply an elementary crush. The rhyme scheme all so kind of gives this an elementary (as well as serious) tone because it's very simple.

Death be not proud–Central Purpose

 “From rest and sleepe, which by thy pictures bee, Much pleasure, then move from thee, much more must flow”

 The central purpose of this poem is to convey to the reader that death is not to be feared. This poem is saying the death is not the end of life, as many believe. But, death  is just the beginning of eternity in heaven. This stance is similar to the one taken by the speaker in “Elegy for My Father”, and is representing the older generations opinions better. The speaker of this poem is saying that death really isn't that big of a deal. It should not be considered “mighty and dreadful”. This is because death is really a time to rest after life. And, life is is there to experience and have fun, with no regrets. So, tire yourself out in life and rest when you're dead.

Elegy for my Father–Central Theme

 “He's right he, In the sureness of his faith”. “I can just say goodbye as cheerfully”.

 The theme of this poem is that the older generation is often times more understanding of death than the younger generation. The use can't seem to come to terms with their own mortality because they haven't lived long enough to consider death. Their lives are just beginning. They can't “say goodbye” because they haven't got snow this world yet well enough to fully understand that it's not forever. Often times the younger generations will act out and live dangerously not fully thank you the consequences, which are alternately death or serious injury. But, the older generations have had time to think about this and have come to terms with death. They might see has been as simply a “fresh world”. This world to be explored only after death, to wait for the younger generation to feel the same, and get old and join them.

Elegy for my Father-Differing Views on Immortality

 “I think he wants to go," “an itch to see fresh worlds”. “He's ready. I'm not.”

 In this poem, the father works as a fisherman on a boat or a job out at sea, most likely dangerous. And, knowing the dangers of his job of course he thought about what those dangers could lead to, meaning death. He understands that he could be taken away from this world at any time so he's preparing now. But, his son and does not understand this. His son wants to live his life fully, therefore can't understand where his dad is coming from. So, the father's view on immortality is living forever with his son in heaven. And his son believes that living forever, his life on earth would be considered immortality. And so, there at conflicting viewpoints when the father does in fact return from his trip.

My Mistress's Eyes- Central Purpose

"I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight"

The purpose in writing this poem is to warn against the sin of vanity. Someone does not have to be beautiful to be loved and respected. So, even though, this woman would not be sought after by most men, the speaker loves her for who she is, not what she looks like. Shakespeare is condemning seeing a person as solely skin deep. He is saying that there is more to a person than their Physical attributes. And, if people would try harder, they would see the personality shine through, rather than focusing on vanity. In the poem, he is giving the reader a list of all of the characteristics that most people would find most unflattering. But, they way in which he speaks on this subject does not seem as those he is repulsed, but affectionate, and forgiving of the feature, that can't or shouldn't be changed.

Dover Beach- Imagery

"The Sea of Faith
Was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore"

"Dover Beach" invokes an image of waves crashing on a beach, in a cycle from the beginning of time until the end of time. And these waves have stayed close to the shore all of that time. This is compared to the faith of humanity. So, While the waves have stayed close to the ocean, people have drifted closer and farther from their faith, as they reach for other monetary goals. So, they grow farther from God. It is important to not let those such vein needs get in the way of finding and connecting with God. But, as the tides go in and out, sin, and forgiveness can strengthen or weaken our relationship with god. And, when we have faith, it is that much easier to reconnect with God when, we do stray off.

Crossing the Bar- Medaphor

"Twilight and evening bell,  
  And after that the dark!     
And may there be no sadness of farewell,  
  When I embark;"

Crossing the bar is like crossing in to the gates of heaven. When this man is on earth, he wonders what this journey will be like by imagining the only part of heaven that he can actually see, the horizon. This horizon separates the heavens from the earth. So then crossing this horizon, meant leaving the earth behind and entering the beyond. This also be more simple then the man dreaming about what heaven would be like. He might just be praying. He is out at sea, all alone and looking into the heavens to ask for help, crossing the horizon to talk  to the "pilot". This could explain why he was seeing the horizon go from day to night, because he is in need of rescue. This could also, explain both interpretations. He might be pleading for God to save him, or contemplating death.

Hazel Tells Laverne- Central Theme

"ya little green pervert
am i hitsm with my mop
an has ta flush
the toilet down three times
me
a princess"

The theme of this poem is to never take the easy way out. This woman is obviously a low class worker, that is probably in debt and have financial issues. So, it would be easy for her to get lost in the word that this talking frog is preaching to her. Being a princess would mean that all of her problems would be solved! She would have the money of the country she ruled behind her, and people would look up her with respect and honor. The latter would also be important, because at the level at work that she is accustomed, people rarely would actually see her for a person. As a princess, she would have fame a fortune. So, she had every reason to dream, but it is important that she did not merely acquiesce to this "prince" but stood for what she believed in.

My Mistress' Eyes- Tone

"I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound"

So, at first read the speaker seems to be condemning this poor woman, but when the tone of the poem sets in, you realize that he is not speaking harshly about these facts. He is speaking tenderly about her. He says, "I see no roses in her checks". Instead of using negative connoted words, he uses the positive to show his affection for her. So, as the poem continues, it is more apparent that he does feel affectionately toward her in a way that does not "compare" to any other. There is a shift in tone from the first half of the poem to the second. At the beginning, the tone was accepting of her imperfections. Then it changes toward the end to loving her imperfections in a way that know other man could.

Barbie Doll- Diction

"Doesn't she look pretty? everyone said.
Consummation at last."

The diction used in this poem is important because it makes a distinction between an innocent poem about dolls and an intense message to society. The use of Cherry red lipstick instead of simply lipstick, is that it is associated to a specific kind of woman. Most women were lip sick, but only the most beautiful, perfect women would dare to where Cherry red. And, the diction to describe the girl is perfectly normal. She is intelligent. She is Strong in the arms and back. But despite these seemingly average attributes, even flattering attributes, all that she sees is the ways in witch she is different from the perfect girls. So, she had to change, "diet" and "exercise", but obviously this was too much for her, and sadly would rather cease to exist on this earth than exist with "a fat nose and thick thighs".

Much Madness id Divinest Sense- Paradox

This poem presents a paradox because, she is saying that to be crazy is to be sane, and to be sane is to be crazy. This differs from the views of society, but she is not talking of strictly of mentally ill persons and the "normal". These are the extremes. She is talking about the everyday individual. She is saying, that since we all are different, in way of thinking, and acting, that we can not all be sane. Since we all think differently from one another, we are all slightly crazy in someone else's eyes. So, because the "majority", are odd, they are all also "sane". So, we are all equal in the fact that we are all different from one another.

APO 96225- Central Purpose

The central purpose of this poem is to basically to warn against the truth. Once you learn the truth, you can never go back, to ignorance. Most hate being lied to, and want to find out every detail that is being withheld from them, and why. But, less often do we consider why it is that we don't know the whole truth, or why someone would want to lie. This poem is saying that the truth can be hurtful, so be careful what you ask for. This could also relate to science. Is it necessary to advance further? Is anyone thinking about how this uninvented technology of the future will change our world, possibly for the worse? This comes up in the poem because, the son is in war fighting ethic battles daily, weather to use the weapons invented to take lives.

Sorting Laundry- Imagery

The Imagery presented in "Sorting Laundry" is simply the tasks of an everyday woman, with represent the story of her lost relationship. First, two fall in love and "fold together" giving the reader, at first the image of towel and then, the two lives being folding happily together. Next they "dream" together, literally, sleeping side by side, and figuratively planning their future. And, after awhile, their love is still strong and recycles, showing the literal image of the same clothes going through a weekly laundry cycle, but their love going through the same cycle, maybe getting boring after all these years. Now, the all the good memories together seem to fade and be forgotten. And, the love of her life is gone, and nothing could fill "the empty side of the bed, and the void in her heart. Now, all that she is left to remember what once was, is the clothes that got left behind, and the images they create ing mind. These take her back to when she was doing laundry for two, instead of doing laundry alone and nostalgic.

Barbie Doll- Central Theme

The central theme of "Barbie Doll" is that body image is establish early, but can have dire consequences on the young girls of America. By the title of this poem one would assume that is would be about the youthful joy of playing with that one special toy. But, almost from the start, it is clear that this is not the case. While discussing the toys the this impressionable little girl played with in her youth, the speaker focusses on the most steriotypic "women" roles, and these toys seem to describe the perfect woman. So when this girl grows up to be slightly less than the perfect woman she grew up idealizing, she feel inadequate. This is furtherd by others confirming her insecurities, because they to grew up in the same inviroment. So, dispite her trys to become the perfect woman, she fails to change her self enough to meat societies high standered, and finally gives up on trying. This message is aimed specifically to society, to wake them up to the reality that glamour is not as important as the lives of our youth.

Bright Star by John Keats- Central Purpose

The central purpose of this poem is to illustrate innocence and baptism. A star from far above is looking down on earth and observing all the earth has to offer. The star first sees the beautiful scene the oceans cleansing the beaches everywhere. This is a direct reference to baptism with water and cleansing, making the beaches a new and clean. Also these waters preform a preist like task, to complete the image of a formal baptism with the priest presiding. The Star then sees the covered mountains blanketed in snow. It does not witness the uneven underbrush but the pure white poder that makes it apear to be cleansed. The purpose of snow in general as well as in this poem is to generate new life, for the spring. The star sees only those things that are good about earth, because it is unattainable to the star, therefore the star finds it more spectacular.

"Toads" by Philip Larkin- Tone

The tone of this poem is uninspired and a little hopeless. The speaker is passionate about this subject, but lacks the power to voice his opinions publicly. This is apparent when he says that he would like to shout out his feeling of pensions, but he is not courageous enough. When he comments that the system "will never allow me to blarney My way", this instills a hopelessness into the poem. The reader understands that not only is he generally unhappy about his life, but he feels he can not get out it. He wants, like any other man in his situation, to stop and take it easy, like he see's that the well payed actors and bankers that seem to have it all, have. But, even though he wants this life, and dreams about it, he knows that it will not happen. This is why this man is uninspired. He does nothing to change his situation.

"February" by Margret Atwood-Figurative Language

In this the cat is used is a metaphor for human nature. It focusses on death and needs. Similarly, we focus on the dipair in the winter months. Even though we are separated from animals by love, we are more like them, in our most basic thoughts and desires. That often times get us into trouble, because animals are only really concerned about their selves. So, when we become to animalistic, we don't take into account the feelings of others. This is where our love and compassion comes into save us from acting like this all the time to create relationships with each other in love. This part of a person is like springtime, without death or greed. So, cats are stuck in winter all years whereas humans get to enter into springtime.

“ Dream Deferred” by Langston Hughes- Imagery

 In this poem imagery plays a huge part in describing what happens to dreams when other ambitions take over, and that dream is no longer sought after. Hughes discusses many ways in which a dream can be forgotten. It could have dried up in the sun showing the reader an image of not only the raising drying up but also the dream getting old and soon useless to the dreamer. It could fester like a sore illustrating how if left on confronted or underachieved dreams can just sit there nagging at the subconscious until forgot. When dreams are compared to the stench of rotten meat Hughes is implying that a dream unfulfilled is a missed opportunity, like rotten meat that could have been used for nourishment. These images have there own significance, but unite together to make the reader understand that a forgotten dream is tragic. This make the tone of this poem sorrowful, because of the diction used in the imagery, like "dry up", "fester", "rotten", "crust", and "explode". And, this imagery including the tone delivers a theme, that says you must never give up on a dream.

“Toads” by Philip Larkin–Central Theme

 The central theme of this poem is that government doesn't do enough for the average classes. Larkin comments that these men must work 6 days just to pay the minimum all of their bills. This does not even cover food for the family. This is why a these men go on with eating sardines, and their wives are so skinny. He is blaming the government for this because he comments that the rich have all the luck and always get their way while the average class gets stuck living paycheck to paycheck. He's saying that the rich and famous have everything handed to them, like the men who have fame, the girl, in the money. He's saying that like a toad is stuck being a toad for his entire life, and average class man is stuck being average for the rest of his life. This government makes it difficult for hard-working men to raise up and become more than average.

"London"- Central Purpose

The Central Propose of this poem is to propose an alternate city where corruption succeeds to warn against allowing corruption in. He says that while the city still functions, by commenting on the Thames still flows, the people with in the city are defeated. Everyone was scared of what was going to happen next. Even the forceful soldier looked defeated on the street. How could the average citizen ever feel happy again. Corruption has finally succeeded, even the palace runs crimson with the blood of defeat. This place should be avoided at all cost, this skewed alternate reality. For nobody wants to live in a world where corruption wins and happiness, and freedom falters.

The Panther- Figurative Language, Medaphor

This poem illustrates how dreadful death can be when it is expected. For the man in the cell, is compared to a man battling a raging panther in a closed cage. The man in the cell is condemned to death, like the man pitted against the tiger in a cage. So, the man and the Panther dance around the cage. This is like the mind of the prisoner at war with itself to try to except what is about to happen to him. While death is inevitable, both of the men try everything they can to extend their sentence even longer, because they know that what lay beyond the moment of thought, is far worse that the short term situation. This metaphor is successful because of the similarities drawn, out of the mist of the deeply contrasting ideas. Panthers, and prisoners are not often compared successfully, but at the end of this poem, the reader is not uncomfortable with this odd comparison at all, because Rilke drawls the right comparison while excluding others.

The Panther- Imagery

The image that forms in the readers head when reading this poem that of a solemn prison cell with no way out. The prisoner has been locked up for so long that he has no idea what the world outside is like any longer. This contributes to the Imagery of the poem because a sean of a lonely man slowly looking up and out through the many bars only to see a vast emptiness. The inside of the cell is destitute and sorrowful, but out side the cell, there is nothing, nothing to hope for, no dreams to form. The prisoner is physically trapped and mentally trapped inside of that cell. This is clearly an example of Visual Imagery because the reader is visualizing this dark dreadful sean through the poem. This imagery lends a dark and sinister tone and a message saying that no matter how seemingly dreadful the situation, their is always something worse, so be positive.

Those Winter Sundays- Tone

The tone of this poem is obviously nostalgic and sorrowful. This man is looking back at his childhood regretting his relation ship with his father, and how he, the son, treated his dad. He now realizes how hard his dad worked to provide for him. However, he feels sorrowful that he had not realized this sooner. He regrets not seeing how is dad "ached", and "speaking indifferently to him. For while his son was being difficult he was in pain after a long day. The pain is transferred from the physically hurting father to the spiritually regretful son. This is apparent in the text when he says, "What did I know, What did I know?", meaning that he has not forgiven himself for all those years in which he stole form his father the credit he deserved.

The Convergence of Twain- Central Theme

The central theme to this poem is God punishes for a reason, in this intense, vanity. The passengers of the titanic represent greed, and pride. They never thought that there lives were in danger, because they never met a problem that they could not buy. This is the precise reason that they were on this exact ship, because it was too "unsinkable" and expensive to ever be dangerous. Just as they thought that their money could buy them "eternal" life, they praised their possession over all else, their satis symbol to all of society. These people claimed to be God worshiping even though their true god was their wealth. This Coupled with the earlier suggested pride, as feeling though they could buy death, God became very angry. The titanic was not filled with merely innocent bistanders but potentially poisonous to the world and therefore had to be removed from their high positions.

Lawrence Perrine Article

 “In this paper, accordingly, I wish, not to advance any new proposition, but only to reassert the accepted critical principle that for any given: there are correct and incorrect readings...”

     This article both cleared up some aspects of poetry for me and also presented many new questions regarding the interpretation of poetry. Interpreting poetry is much harder than interpreting the meanings of books because, as Perrine says, poetry has symbolism that the reader has to interpret correctly. And if not correctly interpreted the poem is greatly misunderstood. Interpreting different symbols can be difficult because, as pairing says, a symbol not only represents itself but also another meaning past itself.  This can be difficult to understand in so few lines whereas in the story the reader has many other references to back that symbol up. In a book you have a entire story to understand the style and structure that the author likes using. The reader can implement this, to more easily understand the meaning behind the symbols, but in poems the reader only has a few stanzas to fully understand the work as a whole. Knowing now that each poem has a correct interpretation, I can now seek it out.  In addition to this I will now go deeper into understanding a specific poem. For instance, in the poem him by William Blake, I understood the  rose to be innocent and the worm to be corruption, however if I just looked deeper into  that symbolism I would have seen this story the way beneath.

Resolution

"I half-closed my and imagined this was the spot where everything I'd ever lost since my childhood had washed up, and I was now standing here in front of it, and if I waited long enough, a tiny figure would appear on the horizon across the field, and gradually get larger until I'd see it was Tommy and he'd wave maybe even call."(288)

Norfolk was always rumored to be the place where all lost things go. So, in that perfect spot that to an average bistanderd would be considered a dump, Kathy imagined all of the regrets in her shot life. She reviews all of the opportunities that see missed. And, her most important lost treasure, Tommy, and all of the time that they should have spent together.  Now, in the place where all of her lost things lie, she's thinking about her lost life. In telling this story, she contemplating the story of her life, and what meaning it had. In the end, thinking at Norfolk, I think she came to the conclusion that her life was worth while. She had lasting friendships, work that she found to be fulfilling, and memories of a happy childhood.

Why Not Do Something to Change?

"when I'm driving around, I suddenly think I've spotted some bit of [Hailsham]."(286)

The school is focussed on getting students to accept their life. This means accepting that they are different from all of the "normal" people, of whom she will eventually give her life for. This is done so well that the later fact does not even fase her. Even as Kathy grows older and knows more of just how planned her life was from the beginning, she never actually questions it. She never wonders what it would be like to have a normal life, like I assume Ruth did with her possible. Opportunities for these questions to arrise came up on every turn of those old abandoned roads, driving from hospital to hospital, reviewing sad memories, or finding Hailsham. How did it never occur to her that she could just drive in the opposite direction and never look back. She could strive for the most normal life she can on the run.

Climax

"'What we want to know now, Miss Emily, is if the rumour's true or not.'" (257)

I felt as though the climax was at this point, where Kathy and Tommy are in the house of Miss Emily, but they do not yet know if their journey will produce a deferral. This is the point in the book where I was held in the most suspense. I wanted to find out once and for all if they were going to get their second chance at love. Being told about the Gallery all through the book, i assumed this would be the happy ending! How could they not get the deferral? They missed their chance at love in their youth because of Ruth, and now, with Ruth's blessing they were going to fulfill her last wish. While making Ruth happy, they would also be able to live together happily and healthily (assuming Tommy that would recover) and live out the love story that they should have had since Hailsham. But, alas after the many paragraphs that we are held in suspension, the truth comes out which sends a message of seizing love the first time.

Questions

"That was three days after her second donations, when they finally let me in to see her...it had become obvious to me...she wasn't going to make it."(235)

Ruth's death got me think of details of clone history and why this area is so vague ing the book. I do understand that Ishiguro left this out for a reason. Most probably, he wanted to add to the suspense of the Questions that Kathy was dealing with through the book. But I always found my self wanting to more details, and explanation. Again, it probably would not have added much to the book. But questions like, how were they born? Why, specifically were they designed from "trash" and not from they people who needed them, to be more of a match? What were the other schools like? Just how terrible were they to the clones? I mean, the teachers still had to keep them healthy for their future donations.

Value

"'How would you know?' said Ruth. 'How could you possibly know? Your still a carer.'" "'I get to see a lot as a carer. An awful lot.'"(226)

In this conversation Ruth makes it sound as though donating is better that caring. She is almost making fun of Kathy, as if she has not had the experience needed to join in an actual conversation about Donating. While this is partly true, Ruth makes it seem as though, donors are the elite. This illustrates that they don't understand the value of their existence. So, they were "lucky" enough to attend one of the best "schools". This school, however,  succeeded in the goal of teaching them their undeniable fate with out reveling many details or the necessary information to piece together the whole puzzle. This is depressing because, they don't know the life that is being withheld from them. They don't even know that they should fight for more, and should have the right to fight that battle.

Solitude and Depression

"Some Carers, though, their whole attitude lets them down. A lot of them, you can tell, are just going through the motions, waiting for the day their're told they can stop and become donors." (208)

I feel as though this is the most depressing part of the book. Kathy mentions the other carers along with donors who would just rather complete and get it over with other times in the story as well. This is mentioned so casually but when "it" is a life, you can't help but feel heart broken for them. This satirical comment lead me to think of how much they have truly missed out on. They have nothing to believe in because they were never taught how to think that way. Death or completion is mentioned many times in this story. What lies beyond death, however, never comes up. So, while these carers want to become donors, which basically means that they want their short, meaningless lives to end already, they don't think about what death means, and what comes after death. And, I assume this because if Kathy was not taught how to think about such complex matters, Religion was probably not on the other school's curriculums either.

External Conflict

"It's not just me, sweety. Kathy here finds your animals a complete hoot." (194)

This is the culmination of all of their pent-up, rarely talked about frustration that has been building for years during the last part of their Hailsham days and the time spent at the cottages. I think they all knew that something needed to be said, and they were all ignoring the subject. This is the precise reason that these close friends slowly drifted apart even though they live under the same roof. All of these suppressed feelings were bound to come up some day and, it just so happens that it was over a little matter such as Tommy's art. These major feelings, such as Tommy and Kathy's destined relationship, Tommy and Ruth's failed relationship, and Kathy's feelings about Ruth being fake to apease who ever will listen, were not actually resolved during this fight. However, this time was the closest they came to a resolution at the cottages. And, after this fight, though they really did not say much, they all drifted even further apart. So far that Kathy mentions few other interactions between the three after.

Miss Lucy

"And then their was that stuff about miss Lucy. I know she meant well. She was sorry for me and she wanted to help me. I'm sure she did. But if my theory id right well..."(176)

Miss Lucy decided it would be far better for them to know their ultimate fate then to thy so hard to be creative. This is probably because she didn't fully understand the Gallery or know anything about it. Maybe if the students were kept in the dark, so to were the teachers, only told what was necessary for them to teach the students. She knew that one day they will all come to a point in their donations and begin to question the significance of the short lives that they were given. She wanted them to have this information so they could make something of this short life. Maybe if they fully understood what lies ahead, they would be more prepared for they day when they attempted to answer these difficult questions. However, later she changed her mind. Maybe this was when she was told the truth and started to realize that the Gallery was something to help these otherwise fated children enjoy a few more years with the love of their lives. I think in the end she did stick to what she believed in, telling Tommy, but also wanted him to be creative for the Gallery.

Lost and found

"Oh yeah. Ruth was getting poeple to look for it and saying you were really upset about losing it. So I tried to find it. I never told you at the time, but I did Try really hard. I thought there'd be places I could look where you couldn't. In the Boy's dorms, stuff like that. I remember looking for ages, but I couldn't find it."(169)

This is really the first time since arriving at the cottages that Kathy and Tommy have had any extended time to just talk like they used to. I feel as though Tommy and ruth could not talk quite so openly. The fact that Tommy remembered about Kathy's lost tape all this time must mean that Tommy did have feelings for Kathy this whole time. Because, he probably wouldn't have done the same if it were Ruth's tape that was lost. Tommy must have planned that if he ever got to Norfolk, he would find Kathy's tape. However, the good time spent finding the tape with Kathy was not in his plans. But, this turned out better that he imaged. I think that along with the lost tape they also found the relationship that Ruth had stolen from them years ago, but sadly it would take a few more years to act on this rekindled flame.

Flat Characters

"And I had a kind of vision of Chrissie and Rodney back at the cottages, in the months leading up to this moment, probing this subject between them. " (154)

Chrissy and Rodney are characterized as a veteran couple who lead the cottage's trends, based on what they choose to pick up from one TV show or another. They are seldom mentioned outside of conflicts within Kathy about Ruth following their fake behavior. An occasion where they are important outside of these criteria is when they try to convince the Hailsham students to tell them more about this deferral program. They could have known all along that this possible was not Ruth's model, but just that, a possible match. They might have planned to be so that this business woman would be close enough to through suspicion off of the fact that the whole trip was basically an ambush. This singularly minded ploy did not get them far, however, because the Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy truthfully had no information to add. Even though Ruth may have misled them, they obviously never found Madame because at the end because we find out that they were split up after all, and tragically, Chrissie completed on her second donation. Obviously they never changed, and they never really loved each other because, Rodney was not even upset.

Internal Conflict

"In fact, I hardly saw thier contorted bodies because I was focusing on the faces. " (134)

Kathy never mentions looking for her model. Even while she flipped through the pages of that magazine she could not really tell why she was doing it, she herself hadn't fully developed this idea yet. And over the course of the story she never admits to looking for her model. This goes along with the idea of her not fully understanding herself before she became a carer. Also, this is an idea that never really receives much thought after Tommy confronts her about it, and they go on to hunt for the tape. Well, its only natural to want to know who she was modeled after, to know what their life is like. I wonder what would happen if Ruth did actually did find her model. Obviously, it could not have played out the way Ruth imagined. So, what if Ruth were to go and talk to her? I guess that this detail was left out because most possibilities end in some body taking charge of the situation. Maybe they would relocate her, and take away driving privileges, so she could not try to go back. This is just one possibility, and I am sure that it best that the character only dream of their models, proving once again that they have souls. With out souls, they would not care where they camme from.

Flash Back

"Sometimes I'll be driving on a long waving road across marshland, or maybe past rows of furrowed field, the sky big and gray and never changing mile after mile, and I find I'm thinking about my essay..." (115)

This whole story is Kathy getting ready to stop caring and become a donor. Because of this, she reflects on fer life thus far while driving around from hospital to hospital. I think that there is a part of her that wants to become a donor, like Tommy suggested. However she is still proud that she is a good carer. And, she is more in control. She doesn't have to take orders from Ruth anymore. She doesn't have to follow Ruth's commands or become angered at some ploy Ruth used to get attention. Looking back still makes her sad for her lost friend though, and all the others in her life, most of which have completed.

Couples

"After all, I'd been Tommy'd friend for years until all this couple stuff had come up. It was perfectly possible that to someone on the out side, I'd look like Ruth's 'natural sucessor'." (100)

I can't understand why Kathy could give Tommy away so easily. She obviously liked him more that Ruth. Of corse she was not in love with him at this time. But, she must have felt something. And, she just passively stood their while Ruth stole him. After all, they had been friends long before couples were formed. Maybe Kathy really did just see him as a friend. But, I don't think this is true, because of how their love grew so fast at the end, when Ruth gave them permission, only when she wasn't around to see it. When Tommy and Ruth split up, Kathy was even the reason they got back together! And, I think she was a bigger reason than she thought. Maybe Tommy would never have gone back to Ruth if Kathy would have stated her true feelings. Tommy probably thought that Kathy was not interested. If Kathy only spoke up, they would not need the three years deferral, they could have had thirty together before their inevitable completion.

Uncomfortable Subject

"By that time in our lives, we no longer shrank away from the subject of donations as we'd have done a year or two earlier; but neither did we think about it very seriously, or discuss it. All that business about "unzipping", that was typical of the way the whole subject impinged on us when we were thirteen. "(89)

So, they knew that donations meant that they would need to give up a body part. When this information was divulged to them is unknown. But, for years, the students opted not to talk about it. This is because they probably did not want think about it to much. This of course is understandable because, not only did they not know all of the details, but this information that they were given was dangerous. Nobody wants to talk about their imitate death. So, as they got older, it became safer to make a  joke of it. This joke made the  donations feel less threatening. And, this must have worked, because out of all of the people Kathy comes across in the corse of this story, even at the bed side of some of her best friends, donation were taken lighter than they should. This is why they are not wholly informed of this deathly process during their youth, to save their innocents that much longer.

Protaganist

"In my  memory my life at Hailsham falls into two distinct chunks: the ones I've just been telling you about---they tend to blur into each other as a kind of golden time, and when I think about them all, even the not so great things, I can't help feeling a sort of glow. "(77)

Kathy recounts her story with an understanding that she did not have in her youth. She knows more about herself and the donation process than most donors and she suffered the loss of the relationships that helped her find these answers. So, even when she tells of a happy memory, like "the golden time", there is always something behind it. Some sadness because, she is telling this story with all of her somber memories entangled with the joyful times. So, she changes over her thirty years from a nieve young girl, who gave Tommy to Ruth with encouragement, to an old woman, in donor years, who is alone with her memories most of the time reminiscing with her completed friends. Thats why I think many carers that Kathy comes across are so depressed. Most of their friends have completed, and all that the carers are left with is time spent remembering the past, and caring for those that will complete shortly. It's no wonder that most are in waiting for their own completion.

Never let me go

"...there's a sort of miracle and she has a baby, and she holds this baby very close to her and walks around singing: 'Baby, never let me go...' partly because she's so happy, but also because she's so afraid something will happen, that the baby will get ill or be taken away from her" (70)

I think that this is the reason for these organ donations to exist in the first place. Despite what kind of horrors have to be inflicted to the donors throughout their short lives, the other "schools" find it necessary. These other institutions are not bothered by subjecting these poor creatures to cruelty, because they can comfort themseves by saying that the result will be "real" lives saved. People always want to protect their loved ones. So, if this means over looking wrongs done to an inhuman race, those wrongs will be overlooked. After all, the general population most likely believes that these donors do not have feelings. The Gallery is a result of this false belief. It's goal is to prove that everyone has been wrongly informed, to open people's hearts and make a change in the way the donors are treated.

Antagonist

"'Oh, Kathy, how are you? If you don't mind, we've got something to discuss just now. We'll be finished in just a minuete. Sorry.'" (54)

From when Kathy first introduced Ruth, she seemed dominant. She was always the center of attention, the most popular of their group. This is the first time that Ruth punishes Kathy for something that should have been discussed, then forgotten. And, even further Ruth's punishment came after her own mistake. She was the one that cheated, but she punished  Kathy for reacting, because she was used to getting her way. She always commanded the attention, and for that people probably ceded to her requests. So, Ruth was not used to people standing up to her, and when Kathy did, she decided to teach Kathy to follow in step. This worked in the end, because when confronted by another student that fell under Ruth's wrath, she decided to stick up for Ruth and decided that she wanted back in the group. This pattern continues throughout the story with Kathy being submissive until she can't take it any longer and confronts Ruth, only to feel like it was her fault in the end.

Tone

"Thinking back now, I can see we were just at that age when we knew a few things about ourselves---about who we were, how we were different form our guardians, from the people outside----but hadn't yet understood what any of that meant. " (37)

              In my understanding of that Novel the tone is nostalgic and often somber. Even when Kathy recalls something joyful, like at the first mention of the Sales. She herself does not get that excited, but instead recalls how the juniors below her would get excited. During her flash backs, Kathy is partly trying to better understand the events of her life that she did not fully grasp back then. Often times she will offer outside explanation of an event that she did not understand, pulling the reader out of her nostalgia for clarity of the event. So, in this excerpt she explains just how little she knew about herself. She explains that the Guardians told her vague details about who she was and what her true propose on this earth was. However, they planned when they told her, so that she would not piece the vague information together.
              This makes me wonder just how much the students actually knew. Also, I wonder how much the students at other "schools" knew. They had to be told more because they had guards that treated them as inhuman. Wouldn't they know why they were being subjected to this treatment?

Tommy's Creativity

"...Tommy had done this particular water colour ---of an elephant standing in some tall grass--- and that was what started it all off. He'd done it, he claimed, as a kind of joke." (19)

During this section of the book, Kathy describes the importance of creativity and expressing such as art or poetry. She then brings up Tommy's lack of artistic skills, followed by how angry he would get because of this or act as though he did not care about his pictures. I dont, however think that Tommy had no creativity, because of how passionate he was about many other aspects of his life. This is proven by how angered he gets at the activities that he cares about. When he got picked last for the soccer game, instead of merely being a little sad and continuing on, he needed to publicly show everyone around just how he felt.  So, he can not draw strait lines required to make art look appealing. This does not require creativity, but more a steady hand and the skill to draw something familiar. Tommy, by drawling this elephant, drew something completely foreign, drawling what he felt at the time. So, even though Tommy starts to agree with those who say he has no creativity, by claiming his painting was comical, I think that he knew all along that he was creative, he just did not understand his creativity.

Exposition

"About our guardians, about how we each had our own collection chests under our beds, the foot ball, the rounders, the little path that took you all around to the out side of the main house, round all it's nooks and crannies, the duck pond, the view from the Art Room over the fields on a foggy morning. " (5)

The Exposition introduces two different settings at the beginning of the novel. The first takes place in unknown locations, from where Kathy tells the story, like hospitals or in her car reminiscing. And from this nostalgia come the second setting, Hailsham, when she flashes back to all the memories that Ruth and Tommy remind her of. She also mentions how lucky she and her classmates were, because not all institutions compared to Hailsham, and were most unpleasant places from the grimace on the Donar's face. She then introduces Ruth and Tommy, describing Ruth as a clear leader and the dominant one in the friendship and Tommy as easily angered and teased because of it. This lends evidence to why some key questions are brought up in the corse of this story, and makes the reader want to solve them. The characterization explains many arguments that will come up between the main characters. So, these key introductions, such as Hailsham being far better than other schools and the personalities of her friends, explain many of the main events that take place during the Novel

Suffering

"After all, it was not to sing and enjoy himself that he had come here. It was to escape further contamination by the filth of civilized life; it was to be purified and made good..."(247)

John lived in seclusion his whole life. He was ignored in every stage of his life. No one every loved him enough to truly care for his well being. Why should he care for himself? All of his life he was treated like he was subhuman. Now, probably not for the first time, he believed that he should be treated like he didn't matter, and he punished himself when ever he felt other wise. Where as the people of London would take a Soma holiday to escape, John had to beat his thoughts away. This ultimately led to his suicide.

Answers

"'We are not our own any more than what we posses is our own. We dis not make ourselves, we can not be supreme over ourselves. We are not our own masters. We are God's property.'"(232)

The conversation with Mustapha Mond explains further the decisions that lead to the start of this "prefect" world. This completes the first chapter of the book, answering any unanswered questions left. Mustapha's perspective, as one of the world leaders, is important because he knows every reason why the World State had to be efficient. He also knows how it feels to question the society and to want to go against it. However, he chose to stay and lead other into controlling science, instead of continuing to an island and furthering his scientific knowledge. This shows that the leaders know the positive and negative aspects of keeping society constant. Obviously he decided that the society was more important than scientific advance ment. His is, however, more of an outsider, because of his love for history and science that he can not share with every one else. 

The Other Place vs. London

 "When she told him stories about the Other Place, outside the Reservation: that beautiful, beautiful Other Place, whose memory, as of heaven, a paradise of goodness and loveliness, he still kept whole and intact, undefined by contact with the reality of this London, these actual civilized men and women." (201)

When Linda told John stories about the Other Place, she did so with awe and grandeur, making this civilized world to be facinating and wonderful. His image of this place over time elevated with every person who let him down, and every time he sufferd. He probably imaged, as Linda did,  that if he grew up in the Other Place his life would be better. He probably imaged having friends that liked him and accepted him, and most of all Linda would be happy. However, when he finally received the opportunity to go to the other place, and Linda was not happy at all. Every one treated her like scum, and just like on the reservation she was not with him but drugged. Additionally he, himself did not find happiness. He was still an outsider, treated as less than a human to everyone around him with no friends. So, as he experienced more of this new world, the more separated it became to the world he had dreamed about for years. This world was just as savage as the reservation, only in a different way. The reservation was filled with warmth ans suffering, but London was filled with coldness and blissful happiness.

Immaturity

"He had managed, with heroic effort to hold down the mounting pressure of his hilarity; but 'sweet mother' (in the Savage's tremulous tone of anguish) and the reference to Tybalt lying dead, but evidently uncremated and wasting his phosphorous on a dim monument were too much for him." (185)

Conditioning was so effective that even when Hemholtz questioned the way that the world state operated, he followed his conditioning. He would still not open his mind to  inefficient death, or mention of the complexities of being a parent. Just like a child laughs when he does not quite grasp a serious situation, Hemholtz rejects using his mind to think through these new ideas that he is hearing. Even though his alpha plus status says that he is intelligent enough to compose newspaper articles, this new information overwhelms him. He, like every one else in society, was trained to efficiently, and he believes that in every stage of life, a person should be most efficient. This should happen from the moment that children hatch from there test tubes, up until their last moments of soma holiday. Even after death bodies produce the city's phosphorous. This coupled with the emotions of a child made him feel uncomfortable, especially while he could see that John felt so emotionally attached to this piece.

Individual

"'She's a lucky girl,' Fanny had said to herself as she watched Lenina go. There was no envy in the comment; good natured Fanny was just stating a fact. (165)

Envy in the world state would develop unhappiness in individual lives, and a desire to become someone other that who conditioning planned them to be. In this world filled with controlled thinking, anyone who deviates from this conditioning in anyway is considered a risk to society. However, many of the characters in this story do just that. Fanny and Henry Foster are the only ones who did not, suggesting that others in the world state have similar questions. These questions might not even be conscious, like Lenina in here infatuation with men, or up to Bernard's certainties. While these risks will decrease the lower on the caste, because epsilons have less brain function and more conditioning, they still exist. The world leaders hide this fact from the citizens by creating "iceland", and spreading rumors of this terrible place, when really it and all of the islands similar to it are paradise.  Hemholtz choosing what island he wanted to go to again shows the population sent to them is high enough to require many islands.  This proves once again that conditioning does not work for everyone, because, despite what the world state believes  every one is different, even 72 identical twins.

Abandoned

"They were gone! Gone! It was the most terrible thing that had ever happend to him. She had asked him to come and see them, and now they were gone." (142)

John jumps to the conclusion that Bernard and Lenina abandoned him,  without investigating further. This reflects all the times the ones that he loved had let him down. Even though he wanted to trust those around him, he faced constant rejection. First, his mother never really wanted him. She tryed to help him by teaching him to read and conditioning him with what little supplies she had to do so. However, the part of him that comforted her rivaled the part of him that disgusted her. To get away from these complex feelings, she had to seperate herself from him by getting closer Popé and mescal. Followed by this early and repeated rejection, the savage community around him would not accept him as he grew up. He desperately wanted to partake in activities with his peers. So, he watched them and learned their way of life but still that was not enough to fit in, and ultimately lead to more hurt, and his self conflicted punishment. He felt like suffering was a punishment from God, that he had to bare.

Metaphor

"Little Beast" (127)

Linda Compares John to a beast because instead of being created and hatched from a tube, he was born like an animal. For Linda being a mother was a capitol sin to terrible to even speak of in London. So, when John, trying to be normal according to the reservation's culture, tried to calm his fretful mother down with an endearing term to his society, Linda snapped. She probably had scolded John on this disgusting word before. So, in the mist of her vulnerable state, she lost control, revealing her true feelings that she might have held back in the past. Hearing her son call her mom made her feel so far from the one place that she could have gone back to if it weren't for the accident that kept her on the reservation among the beasts. She could never be accepted in to society after birthing a child like a like the beasts that now surrounded her.

Imagery

"the whistle of the lash and its loud flat-sounding impact on the flesh. The boy's body quivered; but he made no sound, he walked on at the same slow steady pace. The coyote struck again; and at every blow at first a gasp, and then a deep groan went up from the crowd." (115)

Sensory language does not show up often in this novel, probably in accordance with the London tone. When describing a place frowning upon individuality and creativity, using imagery becomes ineffective. Huxley describes London as those living in London would describe it. He does so efficiently, commenting on productivity and ways to increase productivity. If he were to describe this unemotional place using imagery, London would seem more warm and open, as opposed to cold and cut off. However, Huxley introduces imagery when describing the cultural elements of Malpais in order to create warmth. This lends contrast between the two obviously different cultures. In describing this scene in such detail, Huxley adds to the atrocity by enveloping the reading in to the scene and the culture.

Allusion

 "His face was profoundly wrinkled and black, like a mask of obsidian."( 110)

[Image]

An obsidian rock is essentially hard volcanic rock or glass, and produced from this material was usually an ornate burial mask modled after one of the aztec's gods. Also known as the Death Mask, the meaning in reference to the novel, refers to the indian's decrepit appearance. Huxley implies that this man looks more dead than alive. His face looks as old as stone and meant to be buried. Lenina, with the conditioning of her culture, only knew preserved elderly. And this man would have overdosed on soma long ago, like elderly in london.  The indian was far older. So, instead of the dying young with his looks and dignity, the man is now cursed to embody the Mask of Obsidian, looking like death itself.

Wild Animals

"They never learn.' said the green-uninformed pilot, pointing down at the skeletons on the ground below them. 'And they never will learn,' he added and laughed, as though he had somehow scored a personal triumph over the electrocuted animals." (105)

The way that this man responds to the skeletal reamins so far below him shows yet again how the people in the other place show no emotions in the face of death. Also, everything in this savage land disgusts them including the defenceless animals. This electric fence can not be a necessary precaution when no one from the outside world want to break in. Also, the savages do not seem like they would like to get out. It is not needed to electrocute these animals either, as this fence probably would not be low enough for them to jump over. The fence just shows the scientific power that the other place could hold over the savages. However this is unnecessary because, yet again, the savages seem to be happy in their culture. So, just because these savages are labeled by the other place as wild and uncontrollable, there is no reason to contain them with force.

Motif

"'Adults intellectually and during working hours,' he went on. 'Infants where feeling and desire are concerned.'" (94)

               Infants or babies come up often in this book to represent the members in society. This is not because they lack intellect, but more because that intellect is not being put to use other than on one honed skill and they are emotionally unresponsive. Like a baby, these people can not understand love, so they can not greive when someone close to them dies. And, they can not experience the success in accomplishing a long sought out goal, because they are completely happy with life as they know it.
                So, similar to the way that mothers give babies a bottle when they start to get "fussy", so too do the adults of London receive Soma to calm them down and make all of their thoughts disappear. This creates the care free world that they are so accustomed to living in. Soma insures that these people never have to worry about consequences or survival. Just like the way a mother looks after her baby, so too does society look after its citizens.  They will never know trials or tribulations, or joy and accomplishment, because unlike babies, these "bottled" individuals will not grow, but stay in the same position until expired.

Symbol

"'I'd rather be myself,' he said. 'Myself and nasty. Not somebody else, however jolly.'" (89)

Bernard refuses the Soma because he doesn't want to become a mindless pawn living solely to benefit society. Where others valued themselves as tools to help production increase, bernard cares more about himself. So, he chooses to stay in control of his emotions, instead of being controlled by his emotions. This society needs that control over its member to be successful. If the people thought for themselves, even with years of conditioning, they could unravel quickly. One stressful day (or as stressful as this community allows) could uncondition a whole unit of hynopeadia. Soma tears away these complex thoughts that may enter a persons mind, leaving only a pleasurable "holiday" in its place. For example, if some one in society that followed conditioning through out his childhood one day stars to pounder the complexities of parenthood, or what little he knows about the subject, he might question, if only just for a moment, the necessity of breeding seventy-two children at a time. This one thought could possibly lead to other questions on the subject or about history and how the world around him works. These questions would be dangerous for society as whole, and Soma suppresses them. This is because the people of society are conditioned to, instead of thinking through these complexities, forget about them completely and take a vacation from their mind.

Forshaddowing

 "'Luckily for him, he's pretty good at his job. Otherwise the director would never have kept him. However' he added consolingly, 'I think he's pretty harmless'" (88)

There were many references to Bernard's job and suggestions that he might not keep it. However there was no mention of what would happen to him if he were to lose his job. These instances were earlier in the book when Barnard's character was being introduced, and Lenina was receiving opinions of this odd man she would be going to the reservation with. Then, the idea became even more plausible when in his confidence, after being warned by the D.H.C. These add drama to the book, hinting at what will happen but leaving the consequences up to interpretation. By not introducing the consequences of being a social outcast, where society was paramount, this adds suspense. The reader creates a far worse scenario than being whisked away to paradise with others who share the same abnormal ideas. This suspense builds up to the inevitable event, and then cools off when the reader finds out what actually happens to Bernard.

Assembly Line

"'Ford, we are twelve: oh make us one, Like drops within the social river, O, make us now together run As swiftly as thy shining Flivver.'"( 81)


Henry Ford became the God in this new world because in the old terms, religion was inefficient. Worshiping God and Jesus was wishing to be better through faith and hoping that loved ones had a better life as well. This was blind faith with no true understanding, science could not understand God and was therefore left out. But Henry Ford was an actual person that people could be inspired by and look up to. He was not someone that the people need to blindly put there faith into, but efficiently look to for advice about  how to preform their specific job better. So, many years before the setting of this story, Henry Ford's message spread. His assembly line transformed into a guideline to live a completely "happy" life. This lead to the bases for a completely "happy" society. 

Hubris

"'I'm taking Lenina Crowne to New Mexico with me,' he said in a tone as casual as he could make it." (68)

Bernard Marx had many flaws that made him an unlikely candidate for acceptance into the community. However, he did want to be accepted. This was evident by the jealousy Bernard felt toward Hemholtz and all of the women he could have. He also envied Hemholtz's relationship with John after just a short period of time. So, even though he was clearly different form others in society, he obviously wanted societal approval. Because of this, he felt the need to boast about any socially acceptable feet that he accomplished, mainly to Hemholtz, who really did not care at all. This lead to an inevitable down fall, when he felt the need to upstage Mustapha Mond, by offering advice on ways to change society for the better. By this act of blasphemy, he confirmed his fate in exile and this probably never occurred to Bernard, because he thought he knew better than the world controller.

Rising Action

"What the two men shared was the knowledge that they were individuals." (67)

If it were not for Bernard and Hemholtz feeling as though they were different from society, society would continue on with out question. All of the rest of society blindly follows in line to every rule set in place, so there had to be some problem for the novel to be interesting. This problem came from Bernard and Hemholtz questioning what others would not dare. This created round characters that had the ability to change in the course of the story. The question that comes with this problem lies in the consequences of these blasphemous thoughts. What will happen if they get caught sharing these thoughts? This adds suspense to the story, in addition to a many questions that need to be answered later. This also sets up the trip to Malpais and ultimately the rest of the story.

Transition

 "Do ask Henry where got it." "But they used to take morphia and cocaine." "And what makes it worse, she thinks of her self as meat." (53)

This section was confusing at first, as result of the unidentified characters speaking. But, once the reader puts names to the respective voices talking, she discovers that this serves a bigger purpose. The purpose is distinguishing the explanation of society to delving into the thought of those who live in this society. In the beginning of the story Huxley was explaining, with the D.C.H, Henry Foster, and Mustapha Mond spewing facts of society. But, after the tour this changed to introducing Main Characters, and the relationships between them. And,  this chapter long transition switches between those two modes very smoothly. This switch begins with hage paragraph alternating between Mustapha Mond outlining a brief history and Lenina in the locker room. Then these paragraphs become smaller and alternate between conversations more frequently until Mustapha Mond's lecture ends and all thats left is interactions between other characters. This affectively changes the story's direction to problems in need of solutions.

Antihero

"He's so ugly" "He's so small." "They say somebody made a mistake when he was still in the bottle- thought he was a Gamma and put alcohol into his blood-surrogate. That's why he's so stunted." (46)

Bernard Marx, being so un-intimidating, was no threat to his co-workers, even though he was wonderful at his job. Being a psychologist though, he dealt with aspects of this controlled culture like others did not have to. He saw the children who were abnormal, and not quite conditioning well. Since he saw what this was doing to them, he most likely was un-conditioned a bit himself. And, this un-conditioning made him socially awkward to the community. This coupled with his size and confidence level isolated him from society. He didn't have the confidence to change the false way he believed society was being run. So, he instead continued the charade, apparently unconvincingly, attending Ford day celebrations with faked ferver thinking that he could fool society.

Pregnancy Substitue

"'I've bee feeling rather out of sorts lately,' Franny explained, 'Dr. Wells advised me to have a Pregnancy Substitute.'" (38) The Definition of a pregnancy substitute is not clearly defined in the novel. However, Fanny does mention that this procedure happens as a result of fatigue symptoms. This means that it is another quick fix ultimately to better the whole, and spread wellbeing to all. From Fanny's description of her few symptoms, she could have simply been tired. But, since the members of society are unaccustomed to pain of any sort, this uncomfortable feeling had be taken care of. This pain probably had to do with disrupting nature's natural process for a woman. So, a pregnancy substitute would most probably take the place of pregnancy or something similar to pregnancy to maintain her health. This represents the minor procedures to better Fanny's health, so that this problem will not become more serious.  The scientists not only vaccinate against known illnesses and keep overall health up, but also treat early. This is how this world can live with out diseases.

Motivation

"Till at last when the child's mind is these suggestions, and the sum  of these suggestions is the child's mind." (28-29)

Hypnopedia is the motivation for the whole society's bliss happiness. All of society lives  undoubtedly by these guidelines, but Lenina is the only main character that blindly follows what she was taught in her youth. It is important to show the thought process of a controlled mind to contrast with one who questions society and another who dispels it altogether. Though even she questioned her believes a few times. For example, she only had Henry Foster for an extended period of time. This showed her first abnormal thought against that of society. This lead up to her love for john, which was not really the viviparous love that john wanted her to have. However, it was more than society's idea of having. So, while Lenina does not follow strictly to the thought process of her brainwashed society, when faced with tough decisions, she follows her hypnopedia.

Introducing Control

"'Bokanovsky's process is one of the major instruments of social stability!'" (7)

Clearly at the beginning of the novel, Huxley needs the reader to understand the inner workings of the Boskanovsky process along with hyponpeadia as a base to understand the rest of the book. So, when ever the issue of control would come up in the future, the reader will know why these people are so blissfully "happy". This introduces the society's dependence on social stability, and how it is of the utmost importance to the leaders. Depending on strong social stability also explains the cultural elements in London. For instance, Soma controls the unexpected, Electric Golf controls amusement, and Feelies control the little emotion that remains in the people of society. So, the conditioning process is important in producing "happy", efficient  human beings. However, this process does not stop when a boskanovsky  group "grows up", because the leaders can not just lose that control. So, while they do not undergo hypnopeadia any longer, society still controls them by the activities they partake in.